Otitis media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Otitis media - Essay ExampleThe document go aways guidelines for use in the right diagnosis and the proper treatment of children between ages 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of AOM. The witnesser is just a guideline meant to provide some basis or frame motion when coming up with clinical conclusions about making correct clinical decisions. The source does not provide full details of read and nurses cannot use it as the only source to guide them during management of children with AOM. The source is also an evidence-based guideline compiled by different experts creating a comprehensive report. Even though it lacks the specific inquiry details, it is very helpful since it provides important information for nurses on pain management, observation, antibacterial treatment, and preventive measures. The practical guidelines of the article, supported with adequate reasons, and summaries of findings of the study, makes this article very resourceful and appropriate for this nursing pract ice situation. Block, S. L. (1997). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and cure considerations in acute Otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 449- 456. This source of evidence can be classified as unfiltered resource because its source comes from the research studies of the author. The recommendations and views of the work are typically those of the author and since most of the information in the article particularly in the conclusion part represents views and recommendations of the author, it is certainly un-filtered. The resource nature makes it an evidence summary, because the authors made a summary from existing evidence. The source gives a clear-cut specific evidence of the pathogens that cause Acute Otitis Media (AOM) and the effectiveness of various antibiotics for treatment. Its drawback is that it does not provide a detailed report about other lines of treatment or choice approach in treating AOM. In such a case, the nurses may fly the coop some important information on treatment therefore some more important and relevant research findings should be included. The fact that this resource idea is an evidence summary then the details missing makes it to be less helpful to the nurses. It is therefore not a proper guideline for use by the nurses in such a situation. Kelley, P. E., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose, and throat. In W. W.Hay, M. J. Levin, J. M. Sondheimer, & R. R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment (18th ed., pp. 459492). New York Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. The source of evidence is an incomprehensive resource because it provides research work of the author. The source gives a comprehensive report on various causes of ear infections, antibiotic resistance in the treatment of AOM and the challenges doctors face when looking for alternative treatment choices. The source therefore addresses specific issues, which nurses can find to very resourceful, relevant, and helpful when dealing with a situation at hand. The authors recommendations and conclusions go away be of great help to the nurses too. The resource falls under the category of summary of evidence since the authors used the actual research work of the author to give rise the summary. Even though the source is quite narrow and specific, the results and conclusions are very relevant and this makes it appropriate for this nursing practice situation.

Racial Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Racial Profiling - Essay ExampleIt is a racial stereotyping that members of a certain race extend to engage in a particular crime than members of the other groups.In the event of an investigation of a terror suspect in the U.S, most of the community singled out to be suspects are always Arabs and Muslims. The process will always rely on the nationality, the religion as well as the manner of back this is what Michael refers to as racial profiling.In this article, the writer points out that is important to consider ones right even if a crucial investigation is being conducted. Like it or not, the universal fundamental rights of an individual has to earn consideration and also the fact that one is always innocent until proven guilty.Much of this discrimination is outlawed in the U.S. The criteria used to identify and analyze a terror suspect have regards to being racial discrimination. It is in the conclusion that ones religion, nationality, and ethnicity are judged on the criterion of identifying a terror suspect. In the way, selection of Arabs and Muslims as terror suspects will always connect the boundary that separate suspect description and relying on profiling. A in effect(p) example is when a member of the public tips an officer that a suspect of certain religion or ethnicity has engaged in criminal activity. The police divide by questioning member of the same religion to rule out the fact that they have formed a gang in the neighborhood, this is racial profiling. He says that when one decides on whom to suspect or point out as a terrorist on ones thought is a mere is a generalized ceremonial (Banks &Richard 1213-1214). Widespread observation sometimes brings you to a wrong conclusion. Another perfect example is when an intelligence discover comes that an individual building will be bombed. The report gives a specific date at a particular time this limited description will make the police subject all Arab

American Airlines Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Airlines - Assignment ExampleThis can lead to unethical activities when the senior attention and organization can gain significant rewards because of the short-term concentration on stock price (Machan, 2007). The senior condense whitethorn tolerate organizational contest of interest, abusing a number of rules of fair conduct or normal decency, gaming the rules of the society, and turning to cronyism as a means of making the most of their self-interest. Senior management troubled with the stock price of the company also concentrates on performance events that are short-term, often earnings. As a result, the senior management holds a unremarkably emphasizing fascination with short-term performance of stock prices. The senior management can engage in unethical behavior because profits are presumed as the most extensively conventional metric. Senior managers who have the capacity to consistently and correctly forecast the stock prices can gain tremendous profits. This p rediction may make the senior management use unfounded profit assessment. They may view the logical model of analysis as theoretically adequate provided sensibly non connected from the anticipated earnings. The senior management may refer to the activities of market players to make a case out of their short-term focus on stock price (Machan, 2007). Encouraged by the view that stakeholders look at the current stock prices to determine value, they may repurchase shares even when they may be overvalued or fairly valued. Question 2 The conduct of American Airline controlling its finances by postponing the maintenance of its aircrafts may be unethical to both the stakeholders and clients. Shareholders are perceived as a unit that endures a resistant of danger as a result of investing some kind of capital, financial or human based shares in a company. On the other hand, clients are presumed to be a group that endures some form of attempt during their travels. When stakeholders and cli ents suppose that finances are being manipulated, a company consequently decreases worth on the stock market. The credit rating of the company will go down making the issued bonds to decrease in worth (Capozzi, 2001). Consequently, this will have a negative impact on the wealth of bondholders. American Airlines has had recurring issues with respect to maintenance of its aircrafts. The expenditure connected with operating these aircrafts has a negative impact on both stakeholders and clients. American Airlines has an ethical obligation to both stakeholders and clients to ensure that its aircrafts are well maintained. The airline also has an obligation to give correct details on the states of their aircrafts to both stakeholders and clients. When American Airlines postpones the maintenance of its aircrafts thereby influencing earnings, it means the company is not giving the true picture about its financial situation. In addition, the behavior is unethical towards the clients because aircrafts may pose risks that the clients are not aware of. The company also canceled a number of flights due to postponing aircraft maintenance in 2008. The company

Army Overseer Tells of Ouster over KBR Stir Essay

soldiers Overseer Tells of Ouster over KBR Stir - Essay ExampleAccording to this article, conflict between the KBR and American Army a rose when Mr. Smith an Army official failed to approve KBR payments claiming that the expenses were not justified. This article highlights that the conflict between American Army and KBR would pose impacts on society. KBR typeset it that if the government failed to pay the debt, it will no longer provide services. If this happened, American troops will not be able to fight their opponent thence the society will run out of protection (Army, 6/17/2008). On the other hand, if Mr. Smith had approved payments for goods and services that were never supplied it would have been a misappropriation of tax payers efforts. Considering the fact that this build upy official was holding a public office, he was right to protect misuse of public funds through and through halting these payments. His actions, although might have some negative impacts on the war, wer e ethical. The role of KBR Company in the business field is to provide American troops with prerequisite services such as housing, food among others during the time of war. The case in this article can be regard as a market also-ran simply because KBR lacked knowledgeable auditors who could keep proper records. Further more, if the KBR Company was serious in its business it would have met the customers needs by providing the US troops with all that they had been contracted to supply. The government might have failed to some extend in its tendering policy because in order to award such a sensitive tender they should have scrutinized the bidding company to ascertain its credibility. This should have involved the analysis of KBRS performance in the past and its capital to obtain whether it could afford to finance those supplies of goods and services. The government has a role to ensure that the American troops access credible services from KBR. The government failed to ensure that K BR provided quality services. It must have auditors who could audit what has been spent on the troops. The policy that the Army or the government should hire external auditors on their operations ought to be changed because it does not represent an aspect of integrity. KBR lacked evidence that the amount due payment was genuine because it does not have credible records of its expenditure (Army, 6/17/2008). The government should also master on its tendering policy which had led to picking such a company for the supplies. The kind of policy that should be formulated for such situations should be able to pronounce suppliers before warding those sensitive responsibilities. On the other hand, the government should lay down strategies that would see suppliers who fail to adhere to their contracts, compensating for any inconveniences caused. In this way, suppliers who enter into contracts with any arm of the government would be afraid of such consequences and hence fulfill such contrac ts in time. Groups Sue after E.P.A fails to shift Ozone Rules This article focuses on the Obama administration and the Ozone rules. It is an suspicious article in that it highlights the rejection of the proposed new standard by President Obama and his administration. According to this article, the Ozone rule set by the President Bush was 75 parts per billion. Lisa P. capital of Mississippi wanted to shift the standard from75 parts per billion to 70 parts per billion mainly to reduce risks on people health. Earth justice, the natural option defense, the Environmental

Significance of Literacy Essay Example for Free

Signifi supportce of Literacy EssayGood afternoon my fellow students, and to our beloved teacher, Mrs. Leny Ibon. For you, what is literacy? Is it really important in ones life? How can it help everyone? Well these questions leave alone be answer by this speech. So please, lend me you ears in just a few minutes. For me, literacy is all about possessing the skills of run downing and paternity. Reading and writing is the right of everyone. By studying, people upgrade their mind about literacy with the help of the teachers. Reading and writing are the basic skills discussed and developed by the teachers be shit these are the major part in students life. In reading, the instructor or teachers teaches first the alphabet. They are training the children to read perfectly. In writing, the teacher train the students to write beautifully and legibly. Literacy is important in ones life.Because, by reading and writing you can know what is considerably or bad. Based on the second paragrap h, literacy is the basic studies of the students. If you dont know the basic, you cant go to the next topic because it pass on cause a suffering on you in the reason of it is hard. If you know about this, you can also understand how to use languages properly.When youre knowledgeable, you can easily pay back job after you finish your studies that will lead you in a better life. It is also important in our life because if we know about literacy we will also know the right of everyone, the laws and the freedom of speech. Reading and writing can help us to get many information. As I said, if we go to school, the faculties will teach us the good manners and attitudes. After we graduate from high school and college, of course we will look for a job. When we get a job, we can moderately show our good attitudes based on what your parents and teachers teach you.All of these starts on literacy. Thats how literacy helps everyone. As I conclude, literacy is important and it can help us everyw here and everything. For me, literacy has good effects depends on the person if he or she doesnt think of being lazy. It also has a good effects if were going to use it in a right way of living. God gave us knowledge ang wisdom to live in accordance to His will.Thats how literacy is so important. So we need to pay more attention on this matter. We also need to pursue our studies and reach our goal. Literacy is the key to our success.thanks ..

Sun Tanning Beds Essay Example for Free

Sun Tanning Beds EssayThe first original thrashing lamp was discovered accident exclusivelyy in 1903 by a German company called Heraeus who were developing lighting systems for the home and for industrial usage. These lamps were of the high- press metal halide variety. They discovered that the light that was developed for visible light purposes alike emitted ultra-violet light. In the 1920s and 1930s Heraeus first started to market and sell single lamp, self standing tanning devices.The first high-pressure tanning get alongs incorporating more than a single high-pressure lamp were manufactured in the mid to late 1970s by companies such as Ultrabronz and JK Ergoline and in the 1980s the first high-pressure units were exported to the coupled States. Although tanning hunchs were initially brought to America by Friedrich Wolff in 1978, he soon patented his particular blend of phosphors and began licensing the engine room to other companies. Wolff Systems has since devoted all their resources into lamp technology and development. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc. , Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd. , another pioneer in the tanning industry. A sun tanning bed is a device emitting ultraviolet radiation roled to decl are a cosmetic tan. Regular tanning beds spend several fluorescent lamps that welcome phosphor blends designed to emit UV in a spectrum that is somewhat similar to the sun. Smaller, home tanning beds usually have 12 to 28 100 due west lamps while systems found in salons can run from 24 to 60 lamps each consuming 100 to 200 watts.In many ways, tanning beds atomic number 18 simply light fixtures that you lie under to tan. Most tanning beds use choke ballasts, a technology that has been around for about 100 years, consisting of a easy inductor which limits amount of current passing through, a nd requires a lamp starter to preheat the ends of the lamp briefly at start. Newer ballast systems include magnetic ballasts, electronic ballasts and more recently high frequency ballasts that induce tanning and other fluorescent lamps to work using less wattage, by using higher frequencies. In general, newer ballast designs produce less heat and are more energy efficient.The ballasts regulate the power that is sent to the lamps, so that if you install a 160W lamp in a tanning bed that has 100W ballasts, only 100W pass on be delivered to the lamp and may actually create less UV and shorter lamp life since the bulb is designed for higher current. The lamp starter part of the bed is employ only on beds with choke ballasts and is a simple plasma starting switch. It has no bearing on how powerful the bed is. Like all fluorescent lamps, low pressure tanning lamps work when the ballast directs enough energy to the lamp that a plasma is generated at heart the lamp.The lamps are coated on the inside with special phosphors and contain a small amount of mercury (20 mg typical). Unlike high pressure lamps, the ice that is used in low pressure lamps automatically filters out all UVC. Once the plasma is fully flowing it strips away the outer electrons from the mercury, sending them into the phosphor, which produces photons in the proper spectrum for tanning. The electrons, now in a lower energy state, will jump back into place onto the first mercury atom they find with an electron missing.The surfaces on which the tanner lies and which shields the user by physical separation from the lamps on the bench and canopy are typically referred to as the acrylics. Acrylics are manufactured from a base material of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), type UVT (UV- leadting), which has been theorize to have a spectral transmittance in the wavelength region 290-400 nm. This should not be confused with a stock(a) acrylic, or plexiglass, which would not transmit within this spectral r ange, effectively inhibiting the tanning properties of the unit.Base rosins are typically cell-cast or extruded into sheet and then thermoformed to manufacture the acrylics. On occasion, depending on the complexity of the part, the resin will be injection molded. It is due to the expense of the specially formulated resin, handling considerations and manufacturing processes which drive the cost of acrylic parts, which can be high when compared to standard grade acrylic which can be purchased at your local home improvement store.These acrylic materials should never be cleaned with any agent containing alcohol (i. e. glass cleaner), as this will adversely affect the material surface causing a phenomenon known as crazing. This will present itself as small fissures resembling spiderwebs forming where stresses are about concentrated on the part and in the region which was subjected to the chemical attack. These shields break down over time as they are exposed to UV and oxygen and must b e reconditioned every few years.Failure to do so will reduce the transparency of the acrylic to UV rays, although to the eye it will still appear perfectly clear. The reconditioning is most commonly done with a compound called Novus 2, which is a slightly gritty cleaning compound that removes a microlayer of the acrylic, restoring to come up new condition and is used in many other industries. This being said, a better practice is to replace the acrylic as the oxidation describe above affects the physical properties of the material rendering it less impact resistant.Most mainstream tanning beds built today use similar electronics, with the primary differences being in the design and quality of the frame and shell of the bed, as tumefy as the number and type of lamps used. The newer electronics are very promising because of their lower power usage, water-cooled running temperature, and more environmentally friendly components. Tanning beds have about 3-8 times greater UVA than sunl ight, while the warning signs of overexposure, such as sunburn, do not appear at the same rate indoors as out.Furthermore, the radiation levels are more intense, requiring individuals to limit their exposure to very brief periods. The carcinogenic mutations in some skin cancers have been linked to UVA radiation more than UVB, suggesting that beds have different insecuritys than natural light. The UVA light is also more strongly associated with skin agedness than UVB, and with genetic damage. Natural sunlight exposure has made studies of artificial tanning difficult, since many people are exposed to both. There are indisputable determine to moderate sunlight exposure.UVB light induces the body to synthesize Vitamin D. Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption, and improves development and reduces cancer risk. The amount of sunlight required, however, is estimated to be less than a single tanning session provides (10 minutes of strong sunlight for many people). The benefits of a rtificial tanning are generally related to enjoyment and speed. Tanning makes most people feel good. A more useful benefit of tanning indoors rather than tanning outside is the amount of control the tanner has.If a person decides to get a suntan and wants to minimize the risk of getting a sunburn, a tanning bed purports an environment that delivers the same amount of UV in a given period of time, day subsequently day. Tanning beds also offer time savings when compared to tanning outdoors. Most tanning beds offer a maximum session time of 20 minutes and a person can maintain a tan with 1 to 2 sessions per week. For individuals animate in urban areas, or who work extended hours, a tanning bed may be the only opportunity for tanning or UV exposure of any kind.A frequently mentioned benefit of artificial tanning is the increased production of Vitamin D. It is believed that indoor tanning beds are useful for the treatment of lamentable (Seasonal Affective Disorder), though this is di sputed at present. Some people with psoriasis or eczema are treated with UVB light therapy. This is typically in the 310 nm to 315 nm impute of the UVB spectrum. Virtually all fluorescent tanning lamps have one spectral peak within this region of the UVB spectrum, making them an effective tool in low to moderate cases. UVA light therapy is also used in dermatology.This is often combined with either an oral or topical medication called Psoralen. This combined therapy is referred to as PUVA. mushy tanning from UV exposure is known to cause cancer, make skin grow old and wrinkle faster, mutate DNA, and reduce the immune system, as well as other possible effects. These problems are believed to be worse from tanning in a tanning bed or sunbed than from the sun, due to the different intensity level and spectrum of the artificial light. UVA light specifically, (sometimes called bronzing light) is clearly associated with increased skin aging and wrinkle production.This is because UVA pe netrates the skin more deeply than UVB, and therefore causes damage on a deeper level. Most aging of skin is due to UVA rays destroying collagen and connective tissue beneath the superficial layer of the skin. The US Public Health Service states that UV radiation, including the use of sun lamps and sun beds are known to be a human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). It further states that the risk of developing cancer in the years after exposure is greatest in people under 30 years old.There is persuasive evidence that each of the three main types of skin cancer, master(a) cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma, is caused by sun exposure. Women who visited a tanning parlor at least once a month were 55% more believably to later develop melanoma than women who didnt artificially suntan. Young women who used sun lamps for tanning while in their 20s had the largest increase in subsequent cancer risk about 150% higher than similar women who did not use tanni ng beds.A growing trend is the home tanning bed. Many people are now opting to own their own tanning system instead of going to the salon. The primary reasons are sanitation concerns and convenience. The average home system has 16 to 24 lamps, and costs $2000 to $3000, making its price competitive (over a number of years) for tanners who frequent salons regularly. This has led to an explosion of retailers that feature smaller, home style tanning beds both on the internet and in traditional retail stores.Another trend is spray on tanning (a form of sunless tanning), using either special booths or a hand held setup similar to an airbrush. Many people who try spray on tanning often still go to the tanning salon, and use the spray on as a way to jump start the appearance of a tan, while others use it as a way to tone of voice tan while avoiding UV exposure of any kind. This is also demonstrated by the large number of indoor tanning lotions that have bronzers included, which is similar to the chemicals used for spray on tans, DHA.

Economic Concepts of Vicarious Liability

Economic Concepts of secondary Liabilitya) Explain the economic logic behind laws related to the concept of vicarious indebtednessThe round-eyed definition of vicarious liability is where an individual or firm buns be held responsible for torts attached by another, the most common case for that is of employers and employees. Vicarious liability differs from secondary liability as it doesnt deal with cases of negligence on the employers behalf, it instead relates to the scope of employment not the respondent superior. Normally when torts are committed the liability lies with the person who authorises the tort, however this is not always affluent hence the introduction of vicarious liability. If companies know that they can be held vicariously liable and calculate the full cost for a tort then they will ensure they minimise the chances of committing a tort, this is done by better monitoring of the employees. This seems fine for broad companies who have the money to monitor and th e money to be able to stick out any compensation. However small firms are far more(prenominal) disadvantaged as they dont have the resources to monitor or pay compensation, this will mean the risk of accidents is not likely to decrease. Employers will more often than not be held vicariously liable for their employees actions. The Salmond test was developed in the 1930s to check if a tortuous act was part of an unauthorised act authorised by the employer or one the was instigate by the employee barely. This was really the first definitions of vicarious liability and has been used as a test in many cases since. However everyplace the years it has become more watered down slightly in favour of the employers. By 1969 the government had introduced a law forcing companies to shoot out indemnity to cover cases of vicarious liability. The Employees Liability Act meant that any fellowship in the UK would have to insure against liability of its employees and of its own actions. This wo uld now mean that even if the company didnt take care the insurance would be able to pay the full social cost of the tort. The act also made it compulsory to have 5 million of insurance to make sure it will cover the full liability claim for compensation. It should therefore be in the employers interest to take more care of what they task employees to do knowing that ultimate indebtedness can lie with the employer. The law up to the late 1990s stipulated that the employer could only be rear vicariously liable if it was erect they had authorised the employee to do something that was unauthorised. If however the employer was base not to have authorised any such behaviour the employer himself would be anchor liable. Since 2001 the House of Lords sees that we should focus on the link between what it is an employee is tasked to do and the nature of the tort committed. In most cases it makes good economic sense that employers should be found to be liable as well as the employees. Not just because they have a greater ability to pay compensation but because they should take more care when over viewing what their employees are tasked to do.b) In the case of an employer/employee relationship, is there a case for extending liability beyond the employer?To analyse this properly it is best to look at some recent case studies. One of the largest racecourse crashes on the British rail system was the Hatfield rail crash in 2000, it left 4 people dead and 102 injured. After the crash a long and painstaking enquiry took place to see how the crash happened and who the blame lied with. The enquiry found that a section of the track was badly damaged which led to the train derailing, the section of track was found to have been neglected for a period of 21months. The tribunal held the maintenance company (Balfour Beatty) liable and fined them 10 million pounds, a record amount for the time. The court also gave the parent company of Balfour Beatty a hefty fine, Balfour Beatty was managed by Railtrack who were handed a 3.5 million fine for breaching safety rules. The judge said it was one of the worst physical exercises of sustained industrial negligence in a soaring risk industry the crash could have been easily averted if a safety checking plan was in place and properly followed. In this case liability had to be extended beyond the employer Balfour Beatty as Railtrack were at fault for not properly regulating the maintenance work. There was however no charges brought against the employees as they were only interest the orders of the employer Balfour Beatty.In this case Balfour Beatty should take most of the blame as they are mainly at fault for not implementing the correct maintenance procedures. However Railtrack should and rightly took some of the blame as they should have been more closely supervising the what company they controlled was doing as it was in their interests.If a company van driver for example injures a pedestrian on a crossing who is liable? The employer can be liable for hiring a incompetent driver, but also the driver can be held liable as he was careless in his driving. So in a case like this it is right to extend liability as the company cannot be held solely liable due the driver not taking due care in his job. However it is usual that the pedestrian would only sue the company that employs the driver, this is mainly because it is harder to sue on a personal liability claim and also the companies have a greater ability to pay compensation.c) Is there a case for fell liability in the context of vicarious liability?In most cases firms are vicariously liable in cases of civil liability, however they can also been prosecuted as part of criminal vicarious liability. The conventional thinking is that adding criminal liability to strict vicarious liability is a good thing, it should reduce corporate crime and also be efficient in its prevention. However more recent analysis suggest that in some cases adding vic arious liability to corporate criminal liability does not encourage corporations to be more cautious. It is widely said that trying to add criminal liability to vicariously liability is extremely complicated. Taking the case of Ferguson vs Weaving as an example vicarious liability was trying to be applied to a charge of aiding and abetting. Weaving was the licensee of a hotel, she was charged with aiding and abetting for allowing drinkers to consume alcohol after the hours permitted by the law. The licensee said that it wasnt her fault as she had instructed the waiters and waitresses to collect up glasses in the lead 10pm, the time at which she was licensed to allow consumption of alcohol. The court did not sympathise with her and were only concerned with the fact that she had broken the law. Therefore ultimate responsibility lay with the licensee and she was charged with aiding and abetting unlawful drinking.In many ways criminal liability should be extended to the vicariously lia ble firm as in conclusion it is the firm that is responsible for its employees, obviously if the employee does some that is completely unauthorised buy the firm, it should be the employee that receives any criminal charges. Vicarious criminal liability however is not always useful as explained by Kraakman firms seem to be immune to criminal sanctions. The criminal penalties on firms are just not large enough to deter torts. In the case of Railtrack and Balfour Beatty the fines were argued to be non efficient, the money they were fined does not do the general public any good. Money they could have spent on change the rail service was lost through the fine, instead it could have been better to force criminal charges on the two companies and forced them to invest in the rail network.ReferencesLiability in Tort,3400 Vicarious and corporate civil liability, Reinier H. KraakmanVicarious Liability in Criminal Law, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Jul., 1951), pp. 334-340, J. Ll. J. EdwardsThe Potentially stubborn Effects of Corporate Criminal Liability, The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 833-867, Jennifer ArlenEmployers liability (compulsory insurance) act 1969http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article575881.ecehttp//www.daviddfriedman.com/laws_order/index.shtmlhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1524744/Companys-failures-led-to-Hatfield-rail-crash.htmlhttp//www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/VicLi19301959.phphttp//www.lawteacher.net/tort-law/vicarious-liability.phphttp//www.emplaw.co.uk/content/index?startpage=data/030003.htmhttp//www.practicallaw.com/0-101-5345http//www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1998/19982573.htmhttp//www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKHL/2001/22.html